Artificial Intelligence in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Current Applications, Emerging Trends, and Ethical Considerations

Document Type

Conference Proceeding

Publication Date

9-2026

Publication Title

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open

Abstract

Objective: Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming modern surgical practice, with expanding applications across all of medicine. In plastic and reconstructive surgery, AI technologies including machine learning, computer vision, and large language models are increasingly integrated into clinical workflows to improve surgical planning, intraoperative decision making, postoperative monitoring, and patient education. Despite interest, the scope of current applications and associated ethical considerations remain incompletely understood. Methods: A literature review was performed to evaluate the current role of AI in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Peer reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2025 were reviewed with emphasis on applications in preoperative planning, intraoperative support, postoperative evaluation, surgical education, patient communication, and emerging technologies such as generative AI and predictive analytics. Results: Artificial intelligence demonstrates significant potential to improve surgical precision, efficiency, and patient outcomes. In preoperative planning, AI driven image analysis can identify anatomical landmarks, evaluate vascular anatomy, and assist with procedures such as perforator flap reconstruction. Generative AI platforms can simulate realistic aesthetic outcomes, helping align patient expectations with achievable results. Intraoperatively, integration of AI into robotic and augmented reality platforms enables enhanced visualization, tissue differentiation, and real time decision support. Computer vision algorithms assist in identifying critical structures and supporting microsurgical tasks, while emerging autonomous systems demonstrate the feasibility of automated procedural steps. Postoperatively, AI based image analysis and remote monitoring technologies allow more objective assessment of outcomes and earlier detection of complications. Large language models and AI powered virtual assistants are improving patient communication, education, and clinical documentation workflows. Challenges remain regarding data privacy, algorithmic bias, regulatory oversight, and ethical transparency in patient consent. Conclusion: Artificial intelligence represents an adjunct in plastic and reconstructive surgery with potential to enhance clinical decision making, personalize patient care, and expand surgical capabilities. Interdisciplinary collaboration, study validation, and ethical frameworks will be necessary to ensure safe and effective integration of AI technologies into surgical practice.

Volume

14

Issue

S4

First Page

22

Last Page

22

Comments

Michigan Academy of Plastic Surgeons Annual Meeting, July 12-15, 2026, Mackinac Island, MI

DOI

10.1097/01.GOX.0001276796.57826.82

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