Multiinstitutional survey of source modeling parameters for proton pencil beam scanning treatment planning system commissioning.

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

12-2025

Publication Title

Medical physics

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Standardizing beam modeling in the treatment planning system is challenging due to machine-specific configuration variations. Because of the proton therapy system (PTS) complexity and continuous development, there is no vendor's representative ("golden") beam data like in LINACs at this stage.

PURPOSE: The primary goal of this study is to create a PTS-specific repository of source model parameters and beam commissioning data for scanning proton therapy treatment planning systems and establish a set of reference values with associated bands of variations for this data.

METHODS: We conducted a survey of 31 PTSs at 27 proton therapy centers to gather beam commissioning source model parameters used in their treatment planning system, ensuring a diverse selection of PTSs from major vendors: Hitachi, IBA, Varian, and Mevion. For each proton therapy center, we collected (i) beam meterset calibration in protons per MU, (ii) in-air spot size at isocenter in terms of standard deviation in x- (crossline, σ

RESULTS: Multivendor beam parameter analysis across 31 PTSs revealed systematic vendor-specific patterns in interPTS consistency and energy dependencies. Beam meterset calibration demonstrated excellent interPTS consistency across most vendors (ICC: Varian ProBeam ≈ 0, IBA Proteus ONE = 0.006, Mevion S250i with HYPERSCAN = 0.015), with IBA Proteus PLUS systems showing moderate variation (ICC = 0.156 for the dedicated nozzle, ICC = 0.248, for the universal nozzle). Spot size and angular spread variability were highly vendor-dependent, ranging from excellent consistency in IBA Proteus ONE to substantial variation in IBA Proteus PLUS with the universal nozzle (angular spread ICC = 0.566). Distal falloff maintained excellent consistency across all vendors (ICC < 0.023), indicating reliable energy spread characteristics. Uncertainty band analysis revealed characteristic energy-dependent patterns, with most systems showing larger uncertainties at lower energies for spot size and angular spread, while IBA Proteus PLUS with the universal nozzle exhibited the largest uncertainty bands overall. Percentage deviation analysis demonstrated vendor-specific clustering patterns, with some systems showing systematic positive or negative deviations from the multi-vendor mean.

CONCLUSIONS: The reference data provided in this work will help to cross-check the beam model during treatment planning system commissioning. Furthermore, this information is useful for Monte Carlo applications and research, where beam characteristics are required to set up phase space parameters, thereby avoiding the need to model the entire PTS. Finally, the results of this study will have indispensable educational value by providing valuable insights into the characteristics and capabilities of different PTSs.

Volume

52

Issue

12

First Page

70199

DOI

10.1002/mp.70199

ISSN

2473-4209

PubMed ID

41389057

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